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# Tutorial: Transient Flow Through a Water Turbine Using Subsonic Solver

This tutorial showcases how to use SimScale to run a transient incompressible fluid simulation of a water turbine using rotating zones. The turbine in use is Francis turbine.

Simulations involving rotating regions require a few additional steps during CAD preparation and simulation setup. We will cover the entire workflow in this tutorial.

## Overview

This tutorial teaches how to:

• Set up and run a transient incompressible water turbine simulation using a subsonic solver, using a sliding rotating zone;
• Assign topological entity sets;
• Assign boundary conditions, material, and other properties to the simulation;
• Mesh with the automatic meshing algorithm in Subsonic.

We are following the typical SimScale workflow:

1. Prepare the CAD model for the simulation;
2. Set up the simulation;
3. Create the mesh;
4. Run the simulation and analyze the results.

## 1. Prepare the CAD Model and Select the Analysis Type

To begin, click on the button below. It will copy the tutorial project containing the geometry into your Workbench.

The following picture demonstrates what is visible after importing the tutorial project.

The geometry consists of the flow region of a Francis turbine. Furthermore, there’s also a solid cylinder part named Rotating zone.

Did you know?

Water turbines operate by removing kinetic and potential energy from the flow and converting it into mechanical torque on a shaft.

Water pumps work in the exact opposite way. By inputting mechanical energy, in the form of torque on a shaft, pumps can pressurize the water flow.

### 1.1 Geometry Preparation

The imported geometry for this tutorial is ready for CFD simulations. Please note that it doesn’t contain any of the solid walls of the turbine. For this kind of analysis, only the flow region and rotating zone are necessary.

In case you are interested in the workflow to prepare your turbine design for a simulation with rotating zones, consider checking the following articles:

### 1.2 Create the Simulation

Select the Francis turbine geometry to open up the dialog box as in Figure 3:

Hit the ‘Create Simulation’ button to open the simulation type selection widget:

Choose ‘Subsonic’ as the analysis type and ‘Create Simulation‘.

At this point, the simulation tree will be visible in the left-hand side panel. To run the simulation, it’s necessary to configure the simulation tree entries.

The global simulation settings remain as default, except for the Time dependency which should be changed to Transient as in Figure 5. This is because we are interested in the time-dependent variation of the quantities involved in flow physics. This also means that we will be dealing with sliding mesh for the rotating zone region.

Did you know?

Within the turbine blades, the flow experiences separation which is effectively captured by the k-epsilon turbulence model.

## 2. Pre-Processing: Setting up the Simulation

The following picture shows an overview of the boundary conditions.

### 2.1 Modeling Gravity

For the current scenario, we will include the gravitational acceleration effects into the flow physics as well.

Click on ‘Model’ from the simulation tree and set gy to ‘-9.81’ $$m/s^2$$.

### 2.2 Define a Material

This simulation will use water as a material. Therefore click on the ‘+ button’ next to Materials. In doing so, the SimScale fluid material library opens, as shown in the figure below:

Select ‘Water’ and click ‘Apply’. Keep the default values, and assign the entire Flow region to it.

The Rotating zone volume is not assigned to any material.

### 2.3 Assign the Boundary Conditions

In the next step, boundary conditions need to be assigned as shown in Figure 6. We have a velocity inlet and a pressure outlet. The rest are walls assigned by default.

a. Velocity Inlet

Click on the ‘+ button’ next to boundary conditions. A drop-down menu will appear, where one can choose between different boundary conditions.

After selecting ‘Velocity inlet’, the user has to specify some parameters and assign faces. Please proceed as below:

Water will enter through the inlet face at a volumetric flow rate of ’15’ $$m^3/s$$.

b. Pressure Outlet

Create a new boundary condition, this time a ‘Pressure outlet’, and select the outlet face. Make sure (P) Gauge Pressure is set to a fixed value of ‘0’ $$Pa$$.

Did you know?

After going through the turbine runner, water exits through a section named draft tube. The purpose of this tube is to slow down the flux, converting kinetic energy into potential energy. The draft tube should be carefully designed, as it is directly related to kinetic energy loss at the outlet.

c. Walls

In Subsonic analysis, all the surfaces that act as walls are automatically treated likewise by the solver itself. Walls outside the rotating zone receive a no-slip condition and walls inside the rotating zone are treated as rotating walls unless you specifically pick the faces inside the rotating zone that you want to be static.

Did you know?

The entire volume inside the MRF rotating zone is spinning at a specified rotational velocity.
In case the rotating zone intersects a surface that shouldn’t be spinning, just leave it as is. The subsonic solver takes care of it.

For example, in our geometry, one face that shouldn’t spin is intersected by the rotating zone:

### 2.4 Advanced Concepts: Creating a Rotating Zone

In the simulation tree, navigate to Advanced concepts. Click on the ‘+ button’ next to Rotating zones. For transient simulations, this will actually model the sliding mesh zone. Define the sliding mesh zone (AMI) as shown:

• Change the Origin to ‘-0.5, 2.75, 0.715’.
• Set the Axis to y = ‘-1’.
• Define $$\omega$$ Rotational velocity to be ‘31.42’ $$rad/s$$.

Note that the name of the rotating zone settings can be changed as required. In our simulation it has been set to Sliding Mesh – AMI to correspond with our setup, as shown above.

Did you know?

Based on the initial input for time dependency under global settings, Subsonic automatically assigns the rotating region as MRF or AMI zone. In this tutorial we are setting up an AMI rotating zone where the region will actually move with respect to time steps.
No additional input is required when setting up the transient rotating zone for subsonic simulations.

### 2.5 Simulation Control

Don’t worry about the numerical settings for the subsonic simulations, as their default values are optimized. Open the simulation control settings and change the following:

• End time: We will capture 4 rotations of the rotating blades. Keeping it divisible by Delta t, the end time approximates to ‘0.83’ seconds.
• Delta t: It is recommended to capture at least 3 degrees of rotation per time step. The turbine runner blades rotate 3 degrees every ‘0.00166’ seconds.
• Maximum runtime: Transient simulations run longer. For this one set the maximum runtime to ‘1e5’ secs.

Keep the remaining settings as default. To know more about how to control the simulation read in detail here.

### 2.6 Result Control

Result control allows you to observe the convergence behavior globally as well as at specific locations in the model during the calculation process. Hence, it is an important indicator of the simulation quality and the reliability of the results.

a. Forces and Moments

For this simulation, please set a ‘Forces and moments’ control on the Runner Blades as demonstrated in the picture below:

To save time, there’s a pre-saved topological entity set for the runner blades surfaces.

b. Area Average

For the second control, click on the ‘+ button’ next to Surface data. Create an ‘Area average’ control for the inlet and the outlet, as shown in Figure 16 below.

c. Pressure Difference

We can also get the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet directly as follows:

This comes handier when generating a pressure curve for multiple flow rates (parametric studies).

## 3. Mesh

To create the mesh, we recommend using the Automatic mesh algorithm, which is a good choice in general as it is quite automated and delivers good results for most geometries.

In this tutorial, a mesh fineness level of 1 will be used. If you wish to undertake a mesh refinement study, you can increase the fineness of the mesh by sliding the mesh to higher refinement levels or using the region refinements.

Since this is a transient simulation it is recommended to start with coarse mesh settings and gradually increase if required to save on core hours.

Did you know?

The automesher creates a body-fitted mesh which captures most regions of interest using physics based meshing.

If you are using a the manual mesher, you can learn how to set up different parameters in this Subsonic manual meshing documentation page.

## 4. Start the Simulation

Now you can start the simulation. Click on the ‘+’ icon next to Simulation runs. This opens up a dialogue box where you can name your run and ‘Start’ the simulation.

While the results are being calculated you can already have a look at the intermediate results in the post-processor by clicking on ‘Solution Fields’ or ‘Post-process results’. They are being updated in real-time!

It takes roughly 90 minutes for the simulation to finish.

## 5. Post-Processing

### 5.1 Visualizing the Mesh

Once inside the post-processor, under the Parts Color filter change Coloring to any solid color of choice and then change the render mode to Surfaces with mesh to show opaque surfaces of the CAD model with the mesh grid.

You can use the cutting plane filter to see the inside of the mesh generated:

1. Hit the ‘Cutting Plane’ filter from the top ribbon.
2. Adjust the position until it cuts the rotor.
3. Adjust the orientation to Y axis.
4. Change the Coloring to some contrasting solid color.
5. Toggle on Show mesh so that the mesh can be visible.

After a few seconds, you will see a clip showing the inside of your mesh. This mesh looks sufficient for this tutorial.

Did you know?

You can also select single faces of the geometry and hide them. This way, you can inspect inner surfaces.

### 5.2 Pressure Drop

One of the most important parameters to observe when evaluating the performance of a water turbine is how much the pressure drops after the water has flown through the turbine. You can calculate the pressure drop by subtracting the inlet pressure from the outlet pressure using area average plots or directly find the value of $$\delta$$p under Area Averages > Pressure difference.

Figure 23 shows the pressure variation is transient in nature. Calculate the average for these values, for example, from time step 0.6 to 0.8 that completes one wave of transience which gives the pressure drop due to the turbine to be approximately 3.819 $$MPa$$.

### 5.3 Forces and Moments on the Turbine Blades

The Forces and moments results are of particular interest in a simulation with a turbine. The runner of our turbine was rotating around the y-axis. Hence, let’s inspect the resulting pressure forces and the torque generated around said axis:

The resulting torque on the blades is given by a sum of all the moments around the rotation axis y. The average Pressure moment y is 173,871.59 $$N.m$$. It’s product with the angular velocity $$\omega$$ of 31.42 $$rad/s$$ gives the power output of 5463 $$kW$$.

In this simulation the average power output from the power plot comes out to be 5441.74 $$kW$$. Hence, approximately 5442 $$kW$$ of power is generated about the y-axis of this Francis turbine.

### 5.4 Particle Traces

Streamlines can be a great tool to visualize flow patterns, especially in rotating machinery applications. Follow the steps below to show the flow streamlines inside the turbine:

1. Remove any predefined filters and click on ‘Particle Trace’ on the top filters ribbon.
2. Ensure that the Pick position icon is activated.
3. Ensure that the top view for the geometry is aligned with the plane of your screen.
4. Choose the inlet as the seed face for the traces to be generated.

Now repeat the process, but this time select the outlet as a seed face.

After the traces are created, you can adjust the render mode to ‘Translucent surfaces’ to give you a better view of the flow. We can see that the flow follows a circular motion in the outlet region due to the rotatory motion of the turbine.

### 5.5 Pressure and Velocity Vectors

To get more details on the flow behavior inside the turbine, use the Cutting plane filter.

1. Create a ‘Cutting plane’ filter using the top ribbon
2. In the configuration window, change the Position of the cutting plane to ‘-0.25, 5.333, -3.029’.
3. Furthermore, adjust the Orientation of the cutting plane to the ‘X’ direction.
4. Set the Coloring of the plane to ‘Pressure’.

From the Figure 27, you can see how the water pressure drops when flowing inside the turbine and decreases even more after flowing to the outlet.

You can also see how the blades are affecting the flow by adjusting the position and orientation by following the instructions below:

1. Adjust the Orientation of the cutting plane to the ‘Y’ direction. Change the Coloring of the plane is ‘Velocity Magnitude’. Adjust the Position slider until you see it’s intersection with the rotor.
2. Toggle on Vectors. Set the Vector field to ‘Velocity’ and base it’s colouring with any contrasting solid color.
3. Adjust the Scale factor of the vectors to ‘0.05’ and the Grid spacing to ‘0.04’. Enable the Project vectors onto plane option.

### 5.6 Animation

Any effect of the applied filters can be animated. Select ‘Animation’ from the top filter ribbon and click the play button under the Animation settings panel. Operate the animation commands as per your interests. Learn more.

In this view, you can get insights into how the blades and guide vanes are affecting the flow, allowing for optimizations in the design.

Analyze your results with the SimScale post-processor. Have a look at our post-processing guide to learn how to use the post-processor.

Note

If you have questions or suggestions, please reach out either via the forum or contact us directly.

Last updated: August 30th, 2022